Research progress and prospect of rockburst simulation test for surrounding rock of deep hard rock roadways

Rockburst in deep surrounding rock represents one of the key scientific challenges hindering the advancement of deep mine. Its occurrence is intrinsically linked to the stress state and loading path within the rock mass. For the initial stress state prior to excavation, any subsequent stress changes induced by excavation activities constitute dynamic disturbances. Consequently, deep surrounding rock fundamentally experiences a “high stress + dynamic disturbance” loading regime. Building on this concept, this analysis categorizes and summarizes global laboratory simulations of roadway rockburst into three paradigms: “high stress + excavation structure + stress adjustment disturbance”, “high stress + excavation structure + impact disturbance”, and “high stress + internal unloading + stress adjustment disturbance” This synthesis traces the evolution of laboratory rockburst simulation systems and elucidates the failure processes and triggering mechanisms of rockburst. Future research directions are identified as: Developing large-scale, multi-field coupled true triaxial testing systems equipped with internal borehole unloading devices; Creating novel intelligent monitoring technolo- gies for real-time, visual capture of key information throughout the rockburst process. Leveraging these technological advancements will enable more realistic laboratory simulations that accurately replicate the stress conditions of deep roadways in situ. This will facilitate in-depth exploration of the macro/meso-scale characteristics and evolutionary patterns of surrounding rock failure during rockburst. Integrating the “Human–Rock–Environment” three-element rockburst mechanism, the research aims to establish quantitative indicators for rockburst initiation in deep roadway surrounding rock, develop practical rockburst failure criteria aligned with field engineering conditions, reveal the fundamental rockburst mechanisms in deep hard rock roadways.